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Looking for cod in the Baltic

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Whither Cod: where have all the codfish gone?

 

Brussels, 28 September 2019

Brian O’Riordan

 

What are the future prospects for fisheries in the Baltic Sea following the collapse of this keystone stock?

 

The time to act is past. LIFE said this in March. We say it again.

We now live effectively in a post-cod era as far as the Eastern Baltic cod stock is concerned. The very survival of cod in the Baltic, the cornerstone for the livelihoods of thousands of fishers for centuries, is under threat.

In October last year LIFE spelled out the essential elements of an Action Plan which went unheeded (https://lifeplatform.eu/action-plan-for-eastern-baltic-cod/). In March this year LIFE called for establishing a biological rest period for the cod pre-spawning and peak spawning time, with a complete closure for all the fisheries targeting cod and pelagic species, the main food for cod, as well as all other fisheries known for significant cod by-catch risk, in subdivisions 25 and 26, between 1 May and 30 September (https://lifeplatform.eu/final-call-for-eastern-baltic-cod/). This also went unheeded.

The stark advice from ICES in May 2019 that there should be zero catch in 2020 of the Eastern Baltic cod stock was quickly followed by the imposition of emergency measures from the European Commission. These measures prohibit European fishing vessels “to fish for cod in ICES subdivisions 24, 25 and 26, and to retain on board, transfer, tranship, process on board or land cod and fisheries products from cod caught in that area” up to December 31 2019. LIFE fully supports these emergency measures.

The preamble to the emergency measures justifies them in grim fashion: “the biomass of eastern Baltic cod is at such a dangerously low level that the stock is no longer able to replenish itself and is hence threatened with collapse, secondly, any continued fishing on that stock increases the risk of its collapse, and, thirdly, the peak spawning season is ongoing.”

Meanwhile, for the Western Baltic cod stock, ICES recommended commercial catches in the range of 3 to 5 tonnes for 2020. With the exception of 2017, recruitment has been low since 1999, with 2018 and 2019 the lowest in the time series. The entire fishery depends on a single year class – 2016 – the estimated abundance of which ICES has significantly revised downwards – by 54%. This year class is the most important year class contributing to the catch and the revised estimate is largely responsible “for the 52% decrease in the 2020 catch”, says ICES.

So, what happened to all the cod that ICES reckoned were there last year, when they did their survey?

Wherever they went to, the future prospects for fisheries are not good, given that, according to ICES, the low growth, poor condition, and high natural mortality of cod are related to changes in the ecosystem. These include

  • Poor oxygen conditions that can affect cod directly by altering metabolism and indirectly from a shortage of benthic prey, while also affecting the survival of offspring;
  • Low availability of fish prey in the main distribution area of cod; and
  • High levels of parasite infestations; this is related to an increased abundance of grey seals.

In short, nothing short of an effective ecosystems approach, a fundamental pillar of the CFP, will help the cod. Closing the fishery is a drop in the ocean. In any case, the fish simply aren’t out there for anyone to catch in economic quantities or quality.

In light of this critical situation, Wolfgang Albrecht, a small scale fisherman who is also a founding Director of LIFE, Member of the BSAC /EXCOM , First Chairman Fischereischutzverband Schleswig-Holstein, provided this response on the reform of the CFP. This is one of the inputs informing a theme discussion on the future of the CFP at the ExCom of the Baltic Sea Advisory Council next Tuesday 3 September in Helsinki, at the HELCOM headquarters.

Albrecht calls for significant fleet reductions to be made, for fishing intensity to be reduced, and for the use of non-selective gears like trawling to be substantially reduced. In framing fisheries for the future a new regional policy for the Baltic based on inshore fisheries should be developed, with resource allocation prioritised for those operations that comply with criteria of an environmental, social and economic nature, that go beyond catch history.

Public money for public good, not individual gain!

He calls for a halt to any new finance for new builds from public sources, and a cessation of ongoing subsidies for three consecutive years.

He advocates the following measures:

  1. Restriction of industrial scale fishing of sand eel and sprat.
  2. Displacement of these fishing activities to fishing areas which lie further North.
  3. Reintroduction of seasonal and area-specific Spawning Time Closure (STC) for trawlers
  4. Exception from the STC for small scale fishing activities with vessels up to 12m in length, which deploy only passive gears in water depths of up to 20m.
  5. 50% reduction in the length of nets (passive gear) permitted during the STC to contribute to stock protection.
  6. Scientific involvement and evaluation of these measures.
  7. Abolition of rock hopper fishing to protect rocky grounds and reefs.
  8. Limitation of engine power in trawler fishing to 221KW in the exclusive economic zones of the member states (minimum 12 nautical miles from the coastline).
  9. Same data recording standards for all member states.
  10. Halt all fishing methods which produce more than 2% by-catch.
  11. Replacement / access for bottom-set net fisheries only after tasking existing operations with passive catch equipment 1:1.
  12. Hardship compensation by means of temporary financial support of affected vessels by means of he EMFF.
  13. Research into the damaging effects of trawl fishing during the cod’s spawning season on reproduction levels including the results of studies which are already available.
  14. When imposing any restrictions “the polluter pays principle” should be the guiding principle applied.

MORE INFORMATION:

Proposal for a reform of the CFP by Wolfgang Albrecht (German)

Proposal for a reform of the CFP by Wolfgang Albrecht (English)

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Expulsion of Beam Trawlers from the Skagerrak (DK).

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Danish Low Impact Small-scale Fishers

Call for the Expulsion of Destructive Beam Trawlers from the Skagerrak.

 

 Protestors occupy Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Copenhagen over the invasion of the destructive Dutch beam trawl fleet. 

 

Copenhagen, August 28, 2019: This morning a group of small-scale coastal fishermen from Hanstholm, Thorupstrand, Løkken, Hirtshals and Skagen in northern Jutland occupied the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Copenhagen, the national authority responsible for fisheries. Their goal is to draw attention to an environmental disaster taking place in the Skagerrak, and to demand the expulsion of the destructive Dutch beam trawl fleet that is causing it.

Normally the Dutch beam trawl fleet fishes in the Southern North Sea, but they started to invade the 3 years ago. This year their numbers have been increasing due to poor catches of sole further South along with the banning of electric pulse fishing.  Some pulse vessel owners decided convert to twin rig beam trawling and relocate to the Skaggerak in search of better fishing. The status of plaice and sole stocks in the southern North Sea is a cause for concern, with Dutch pulse vessels and beam trawlers only able to catch between 60% and 70% of their quotas.

The Danish fishermen are calling for an immediate halt to the destruction of the marine environment and their fishing grounds; they demand that the Skagerrak is closed to beam trawling.

Having depleted resources in the Southern North Sea, Dutch beam trawlers have now shifted their attention to the Skagerrak. The twin rigged trawls may measure up to 12 metres wide and weigh up to 9 tonnes. These trawlers are systematically ravaging the seabed in the Skagerrak, making it impossible for local small scale fishermen to fish and transforming the fishing grounds into a desert.

“We simply can’t make a living any more. The seabed is being destroyed and the fish are gone. Now the responsible authorities must act, “ says Jesper Olsen, fisherman from Thorupstrand and spokesperson for the fishermen.

“Beam trawlers must leave Skagerrak for good. Neither the fish and the marine environment nor the small scale fishermen will survive if they stays”, says Henry Fjord, fisherman from Hanstholm. CONTACT:

Jesper Olsen, 0045 3092 3656

Thomas Højrup, chairman of the Co-operative Thorupstrand Costal Fishing Guild: 0045 5129 9049

Notes:

Beam trawling is one of the least selective and most destructive fishing methods. Using heavy chains to dig through the seafloor to force the fish into the net. After prolonged dragging only starfish and small dabs are left alive, leaving the fishing grounds covered with wounded and dead fish, and causing a major loss of biodiversity. The Dutch government, backed by EU subsidies, encouraged the beam trawl fleet to convert to electric pulse fishing without any prior impact assessment. In January 2018, the European Parliament voted to ban pulse fishing, and this should have been phased out.

A ban on the use of electric pulse gear and overfishing on plaice and sole in the southern North Sea has prompted these vessels to convert to twin rig beam trawling and relocate to Skagerrak.

The fishermen also suspect the beam trawlers of fishing above their quota. Therefore, they demand that a checkpoint is set up in Hanstholm so that authorities can check whether the trawlers’ catches are within the allowable quotas. Danish small-scale fishermen also believe that the quota for plaice in Skagerrak should be reduced.

The coastal fishermen plan to remain in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until they have been promised that a checkpoint will be set up in Hanstholm. They have a meeting with the Minister of Food, Fisheries and Gender Equality Mogens Jensen (S) at. 15.00 today, and have also invited the Minister of the Environment Lea Wermelin (S), other members of parliament, the press and NGOs to visit the delegation of fishermen.

Morocco

Hands Across the Water

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EU and North African small scale fishers join hands with EU Ministers to address common problems in the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Marrakech, Morocco

12 June 2019

Brian O’Riordan

 

Today in Marrakech, Morocco, representatives of small-scale fishers from the European Union and North Africa committed themselves to working together to enable Mediterranean small-scale fishers, men and women, to fulfil their roles as guardians of the sea through engagement in the implementation in the Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) on Small-scale Fisheries for the Mediterranean and Black Sea[1].

Within the framework of a formal Memorandum of Understanding the Maghrebian Platform for Small scale Fisheries (PMPA) and the Low Impact Fishers of Europe (LIFE) undertake to:

  • Cooperate and promote good governance and best sustainable fishery practices;
  • Participate in policy making and decision taking processes in order to reach consensus on management needs and support measures for small scale fisheries;
  • Create the necessary policy space to enable small-scale low impact fisheries to flourish, and provide viable livelihoods and decent work for all fishery sector workers and future generations; and
  • Develop and implement common projects and initiatives both in support of small-scale low impact fishing and the diversification of activities, supporting both men and women all along the value chain from hook to plate.

With appropriate capacity building, financial and infrastructure support, organizational structures, policies tailored to the needs of the sector, the possibility to share their knowledge, and a dedicated voice in the decisions that affect them, small-scale fishers and fishery workers could make a world of difference in a sea of trouble. The small-scale sector comprises the vast majority of fisheries in the region, with 80% of the vessels by number, employing 60% of the workers, and landing 24% of the catch by value.

Small-scale Fisheries Centre Stage at the High Level Conference

The LIFE and the PMPA have been taking part in the High-level Conference on the MedFish4Ever initiative, organized by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (GFCM), and hosted by the Kingdom of Morocco[2]. The event comes 2 years after Fisheries Ministers from Mediterranean coastal states met in Malta and took a joint pledge to save the Mediterranean fish stocks and protect the region’s ecological and economic wealth under the MedFish4Ever initiative[3].

In opening the conference, and under the shadow of the international day marking the scourge of illegal, undeclared and unreported (IUU) fishing, Madame Zakia Driouich, Secretary General, Maritime Fisheries Department of Morocco, described the Mediterranean as reaching the point of no return – unless joint action is taken now. Small scale fishers are ready to take up the challenge.

In the MedFish4Ever declaration, signed in 2017 in Malta, Ministers made small-scale fisheries a policy priority. They committed themselves to supporting sustainable small-scale fisheries by targeting support to local projects such as fleet upgrade with low-impact techniques and fishing gear, social inclusion and the contribution of fishermen to environmental protection. One year later, again in Malta, these ministers signed a Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) for Small scale Fisheries. The 10-point RPOA establishes objectives, principles and concrete actions that should be applied to ensure the long-term environmental, economic and social sustainability of small-scale fisheries. The RPOA recognizes the important cultural heritage and status of small-scale fisheries in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It takes into account their regional specificities, experience, knowledge and contribution to the cultural heritage of local communities.

The MedFish4Ever Declaration and RPOA highlight the need for states and civil society across the Mediterranean and Black Sea region to work together to solve joint problems. The shared nature of the Mediterranean Sea and its resources mean that the problems besetting it can only be resolved through joint commitment and joint action.

Both Fish and Fishers need Protection from the Scourge of IUU

Addressing a session on Social Development and Decent Work at the High Level MedFish4Ever Conference, Yassine Skandrani, General Secretary of the PMPA, highlighted that, “to fulfil their role as Guardians of the Sea, small scale fishers need to be well organized. This requires support for the formation and development of effective professional organizations, social protection, and modernization, including dedicated infrastructure.” The session highlighted that the often-informal nature of the activity, especially the lack of decent working conditions and social protection are the lifeblood of IUU fishing.

According to Marta Cavalle, LIFE’s Coordinator for the Mediterranean and Black Sea, “despite the wealth of knowledge, historical and current, within the sector on the marine environment and the status of fish stocks, the exclusion of small-scale fisheries at the decision making table has led to many misconceptions about the sector. With our North African and other partners, LIFE wants to bring small-scale fishers from the periphery to the centre stage, to build their capacity as agents of positive change, and to join with authorities in the co-management of their fishing grounds and resources”.

The two platforms represent small scale fishers from European Union and North African Countries. Member countries of the PMPA include Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania. As an organization of organizations, LIFE represents organizations from 15 EU Member States, with members in the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Cyprus, Croatia, France, Spain and Malta.

Small-scale Solutions in Context

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world’s busiest waterways, accounting for 15 % of global shipping activity, with significant impacts on the environment. The region that borders the Mediterranean is the world’s most popular tourist destination, attracting approximately one third of the world’s international tourists, with tourist arrivals over 4 times the local populations and growing, putting pressure on resources and generating significant pollution. There is also an ever-increasing level of cruise tourism, with unquantified economic, social, environmental, cultural and political effects. These and other impacts, such as from climate change, marine litter, invasive species and petroleum extraction, must also be taken into account when trying to tackle overfishing and related ecosystem impacts.

[1] http://www.fao.org/gfcm/news/detail/en/c/1154586/ ; https://lifeplatform.eu/expectations_med_blacksea/

[2] http://www.fao.org/gfcm/meetings/MedFish4Ever/objectives/en/ ; http://www.fao.org/gfcm/news/detail/en/c/1197298/

[3] https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/inseparable/en/medfish4ever#quicktabs-medfish4ever=0

 

 

Balticletter

Final call for Eastern Baltic cod

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FINAL CALL

for Eastern Baltic cod

 

Protest of Polish small-scale fishers. Warsaw, 27 February 2019 (photo: M. Ruciński)

 

Warsaw, 15th of March 2019

Marcin Ruciński

 

Sustaining the Eastern Baltic cod stock has been priority a for LIFE, given the historical importance of this stock as the very basis for livelihoods of many of our Members in the Baltic Sea…

Well, that is now history as far as the fishers’ livelihoods are concerned!

LIFE’s call for action[1] by the decision-makers in the last Baltic fisheries Council in October 2018, based on thorough analysis of different drivers of the stock situation, largely went unheeded. Things have gone from bad to worse since that time. Already last November, a drastic deterioration in the situation of the stock was visible thorough increasingly empty cod nets of many fishers. This was confirmed by the annual series of research cruises organized by the national scientific institutes.

Thanks to the timely initiative by the Baltic Sea Advisory Council[2], there was an opportunity to hear about the preliminary results of the latest scientific work already in late January; perhaps a discussion about the virtues of spawning protection could have been added. The mood at this hearing was as grim as the deterioration of the cod situation the participants witnessed. BSAC has unanimously agreed that Eastern Baltic cod is in acute critical state and that all possible measures must be explored in establishing an emergency plan for this stock.

A week later, the key scientific experts and their most renowned benchmarking counterparts met for an ICES benchmark workshop on Baltic cod. They have, at long last, made decisive progress towards establishing an assessment model for the Eastern Baltic cod stock – at least that’s what the author was given to understand as a non-scientific observer to this workshop. In terms of the stock status, the mood in the room was as grim as at the BSAC meeting, summed up by one scientist who speculated that the best we can do is “leave the biomass in the water and hope for the best”.

Some three weeks on, many of the Polish small-scale fishers protesting in Warsaw[3] declared that they have not yet caught any cod this year – or just a few. They urgently called that the decision-makers be informed of their grim situation, so that they act without delay.

Well, dear decision-makers, LIFE is informing you! It is time to act.

Given the very serious situation described above, which is at last seen by others (see the attached European Commission letter to BALTFISH and BSAC Chairs), the time for pondering how the stock got into this state or in pointing the finger to defend one’s own interests, is over. The time for decision has come.

LIFE’s proposal is straightforward and based on the wise words of the scientist cited above, coupled with the fundamental need for recruitment success to guarantee sustainability for any commercial fish stock.

LIFE advocates establishing, already for this year 2019, for the cod pre-spawning and peak spawning time, a biological rest period for the Baltic: a complete closure for all the fisheries targeting cod and pelagic species, the main food for cod, as well as all other fisheries known for significant cod by-catch risk, in subdivisions 25 and 26, between 1 May and 30 September. The affected fishers may be compensated for this harsh measure with temporary cessation monies from the EMFF.

We must avoid the Newfoundland cod scenario from the 1990s happening in the Baltic!

♦ ♦ ♦

 

[1]https://lifeplatform.eu/action-plan-for-eastern-baltic-cod/

[2]http://www.bsac.dk/getattachment/Meetings/BSAC-meetings/BSAC-Executive-Committee-meeting-(4)/BSACExComThememeeting29012019REPORTandSTATEMENTFINALOK.pdf.aspx?lang=en-GB, „theme meeting” part

[3]https://lifeplatform.eu/poland-ssfs-protest-against-the-situation-in-the-baltic-sea/

group_web

Co-gestion: le Var rencontre la Catalogne

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11 Mars 2019

Dans le cadre du projet PELA-Méd, les pêcheurs aux petits métiers du Var ont rencontré leurs homologues catalans. Partage d’expériences sur les bénéfices d’une gestion partagée entre pêcheurs, administration, associations environnementales et scientifiques qui fait tous les jours ses preuves en Catalogne.

 

Accédez au Communiqué de Presse en Français ici

Access the PR in English here

Accedeix aquí al comunicat de premsa en català

bty

SPMO: une OP pour la petite pêche

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Le Syndicat professionnel des pêcheurs petits métiers d’Occitanie 

lance un projet d’OP à l’échelle de la Méditerranée française

Port-la-Nouvelle, 5 Mars 2019

En Méditerranée française, les petits métiers ont géré leurs pêcheries et leurs territoires pendant des siècles en se fondant sur leurs prud’homies (…) mais l’intérêt d’une Organisation de Producteurs semble s’imposer aujourd’hui comme une évidence pour l’avenir de plus en plus fragile, contraint et contesté de la pêche aux petits métiers, (…) le but ultime étant de renforcer la représentativité des petits métiers, la défense de leurs droits et des principes de gestion associés à leurs pratiques.

Découvrez ce projet innovant en cliquant ici 

apps

Old seadogs must learn new tricks

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The End of Paper: In the Brave New World of Fisheries Control, all catch reporting to be electronic

 

This is an opportunity to be grabbed with both hands: old seadogs must learn new tricks!

Brussels, 20th of February 2019

Brian O’Riordan

The European Fisheries Control Regulation is being revamped. Several recent reports, including from the European Court of Auditors, have drawn attention to the inadequacy of the fishery controls in place for meeting the needs of the CFP. Currently a European Commission proposal for amendments to the Control Regulation is before the European Parliament and Council of Ministers. However, wheels turn slowly in Europe, and there is a strong likelihood of delays due to European Parliamentary elections in May and due to the renewal of the College of European Commissioners in September.

There is therefore likely to be a new Parliament, a new Fisheries Commissioner, and a reshuffle of posts in DG Mare before much progress is made on the file. Be that as it may, the fishing sector can expect a new regulation to be adopted by early 2021. It is set to be applied two years after the date of its entry into force, which will take us well into 2023.

The sector therefore has roughly five years to prepare itself for the revolution that is envisaged for vessel monitoring and catch reporting. According to DG Mare this should see an end to paper. A key problem with paper reporting is the huge amount of work it generates for the control authorities.

The electronic revolution in catch reporting will particularly affect the small-scale (SSF) under 12 metre vessel fleet.  The EC proposal specifies that “all vessels including those below 12 metres’ length must have a tracking system”, and that “all fishing vessels below 12 m must report their catches electronically”. The proposal stresses that “for vessels 12 metres’ in length it is now possible to use mobile devices which are less expensive and easy to use”, and that “any additional burden for small operators (small-scale fishermen) will be avoided by the introduction of easy and cost-effective reporting systems for fishery data, taking advantage of affordable and widely available mobile phones technologies.”

Whilst the under 12 metre passive gear fleet makes up over 80% of the fleet by numbers, employs over 50% of the workforce, and may account for up to 50% of the fishing effort in terms of days at sea, the SSF fleet only contributes 6% by weight and 12% by value of the total EU catch. In some countries, for example the Netherlands, it only accounts for 1% of national landings. Judged by gross tonnage (8% of total fleet), fuel use (6%) and engine power (32%), the overall the SSF fleet shows a significantly lower impact compared to the larger scale fleet.

This raises the question as to why so much emphasis is being put on electronic monitoring and catch reporting in the small-scale fleet? Is a sledge hammer being used to crack a nut?

Whilst this may be a valid question, digital technologies do provide an opportunity for the SSF to operate their businesses more efficiently, to plan their fishing trips more strategically, to market their catches more effectively, and to engage more meaningfully in fisheries management. In short, digital technology provides a huge opportunity for the small-scale fleet, and LIFE encourages the SSF to grab it with both hands.

In early December, in cooperation with Member States DG Mare organized a workshop on Digital Tools for Small Scale Fisheries to take a closer look at current initiatives on electronic monitoring and catch reporting.  The three sessions covered electronic monitoring, digital tools for catch reporting, and the use of EMFF as an EU funding mechanism. The EC proposal for a new EMFF post 2020, now before the European Parliament and Council, highlights that “certain obligations foreseen by the revision of the Control Regulation justify a specific support from the EMFF”, including “the compulsory vessel tracking and electronic reporting systems in the case of small-scale coastal fishing vessels, and the compulsory remote electronic monitoring systems.”

A full report from the meeting is available on the DG Mare website (https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/mare/document.cfm?action=display&doc_id=57359), along with the presentations made at the workshop (https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/press/outcomes-workshop-digital-tools-small-scale-fisheries-brussels-4-5-december-2018_en).

The 16 presentations made at the workshop and the subsequent discussions highlighted that the Brave New World of catch reporting is not just waiting in the wings but has been around for several years. Technological solutions, including voice recognition, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and drones (underwater and airborne) are already out there, and finding ready use in SSF.

That said, however effective and easy to use new mobile technologies may be, unless there is an effective application programming interface (API) between the mobile technology and the server logging the catch data, together with the required infrastructure to actually handle the data flows in the first place then the new Control Regulation is going to be more of a road block than a route map for effective and efficient fisheries management in Europe. In this regard, the interconnected issues of data protection and privacy are a cause for concern, especially as regards CCTV footage. CCTV is a major element in the new Control Regulation, particularly as regards the implementation of the landing obligation.

Several of the presentations highlighted that automated systems of vessel monitoring, particularly when using active gears, are able to provide insights into vessel activity. Providing, as they do, data on position, speed and direction of a particular vessel, changes logged in speed and direction may indicate when gear is being set, towed and retrieved. This can then be cross checked with logbook information to verify the accuracy of data provided on time of setting and retrieving gear, and location of fishing grounds.

There was much discussion on sea safety issues, where several participants drew attention to the inherent danger of multi-tasking on small vessels in adverse sea conditions, and with treacherous currents and tides. There were calls for catch reporting to be done after entry into port rather than making it obligatory to file catch notifications prior to landing.

The increasing age of small-scale fishers was also raised as an issue of concern. In several cases it was noted that older fishers had difficulties in adapting to computer based and digital technologies. Intergenerational renewal is a particular problem in fisheries, and the SSF is no exception. Related to this is the issue of errors arising in data entry, invalidating catch reports. Several practitioners drew attention to the need for adequate training and allowing adequate time for fishers to learn how to use and to become adept in using digital catch reporting systems. Inadequate training and lack of familiarity with digital tools would lead to large numbers of errors arising invalidating the data recorded.

Last but not least, a key take home message from the meeting was that the data generated by electronic monitoring and catch reporting for control purposes, could also contribute to many other purposes. For example, the multi-use of logbook and position fixing data could greatly assist fishery managers, scientists, and the fishers themselves.

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Resources:

Sledge Hammer and Nut: https://lifeplatform.eu/control_regulation/

European Court of Auditors Special Report No 08/2017: EU fisheries controls: more efforts needed  https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/Pages/DocItem.aspx?did=41459

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Noticias desde la cubierta -Diciembre 2018 y Enero 2019

Diciembre 2018 y Enero 2019

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