{"id":19729,"date":"2022-04-26T13:52:24","date_gmt":"2022-04-26T13:52:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lifeplatform.eu\/?p=19729"},"modified":"2022-04-26T14:06:39","modified_gmt":"2022-04-26T14:06:39","slug":"no-bread-then-let-them-eat-cake-fishing-rights-and-small-scale-fisheries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeplatform.eu\/ro\/no-bread-then-let-them-eat-cake-fishing-rights-and-small-scale-fisheries\/","title":{"rendered":"F\u0103r\u0103 p\u00e2ine? Atunci las\u0103-i s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce tort! Drepturile de pescuit \u0219i pescuitul la scar\u0103 mic\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nedrept\u0103\u021bile istorice au privat 70% flota de pescuit european\u0103 de un acces echitabil \u0219i sigur la cotele de pescuit \u0219i la zonele de pescuit. Acest segment al flotei reprezint\u0103 50% din locurile de munc\u0103 \u00een domeniul pescuitului pe mare. Din cauza acestor nedrept\u0103\u021bi, acest sector este nevoit s\u0103 apeleze la specii \"f\u0103r\u0103 cote\" \u0219i, prin urmare, se limiteaz\u0103 la doar 5% din capturile de pe\u0219te ale UE.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cen vremuri de foamete, din punct de vedere istoric, aristocra\u021bia european\u0103 avea reputa\u021bia de a spune despre s\u0103racii care protestau: \"Dac\u0103 nu au p\u00e2ine, atunci s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce pr\u0103jituri.<\/em>\". \u00cen mod similar, \u00een prezent, cei care au privilegii de cot\u0103 se gr\u0103besc prea des s\u0103 spun\u0103: \"cota este a noastr\u0103 din punct de vedere legal, l\u0103sa\u021bi-i s\u0103 pescuiasc\u0103 specii care nu sunt incluse \u00een cot\u0103\", atunci c\u00e2nd micii pescari cer o parte echitabil\u0103.<\/p>\n

Chestiunea echit\u0103\u021bii este un element central al PCP a UE [Regulamentul (UE) nr. 1380\/2013]. Articolul 2 litera (f) prevede c\u0103 PCP s\u0103 contribuie la un nivel de trai echitabil pentru cei care depind de activit\u0103\u021bile de pescuit, \u021bin\u00e2nd seama de pescuitul costier \u0219i de aspectele socio-economice<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, pentru cei care au privilegii \u0219i drepturi, ceea ce este corect \u0219i echitabil poate p\u0103rea o opresiune.<\/p>\n

S\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na trecut\u0103, la Vineri, 22 aprilie, un webinar cu titlul: Prevenirea conflictelor \u00een apele UE,<\/em> a fost organizat de 2 grupuri de cercetare europene<\/strong>. Evenimentul, organizat de c\u0103tre\u00a0Organiza\u021bii europene de cercetare \u00een domeniul pescuitului \u0219i acvaculturii<\/a><\/span> \u0219i MARE<\/a><\/span> a reunit aproximativ 80 de participan\u021bi. Prezentarea principal\u0103 a fost sus\u021binut\u0103 de Dr. Marloes Kraan de la MARE. Aceasta a oferit o imagine de ansamblu a principalelor domenii de conflict \u00een domeniul pescuitului european, concentr\u00e2ndu-se asupra aspectelor de gestionare a pescuitului la scar\u0103 mare \u0219i mic\u0103 \u00een Europa, \u00een contextul schimb\u0103rilor (clim\u0103, economia albastr\u0103 \u0219i politic\u0103 (Brexit)).<\/p>\n

\"Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 exist\u0103 un singur cadru de politic\u0103 (PCP) pentru multe flote diverse \u0219i multe schimb\u0103ri \u00een viitor, exist\u0103 o presiune asupra guvernan\u021bei, care, dac\u0103 nu este abordat\u0103 la timp, ofer\u0103 o baz\u0103 pentru conflicte\".<\/em>, a declarat Dr. Kraan. Exist\u0103 aspecte legate de alocarea de spa\u021biu pentru mai multe activit\u0103\u021bi diverse (Planificarea spa\u021biului marin), dar \u0219i de abordarea unui cadru politic destul de larg. \"Cum putem anticipa acest lucru \u0219i ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tim?\"<\/em>, a \u00eentrebat ea.<\/p>\n

Aspectele abordate \u00een prezentarea sa au fost \u00een principal alocarea accesului la o resurs\u0103 public\u0103 \u0219i gestionarea activit\u0103\u021bilor celor care au privilegiile \u0219i drepturile de a le exploata<\/strong>. De asemenea, a abordat amenin\u021barea pe care o reprezint\u0103 schimb\u0103rile climatice pentru sectorul pescuitului \u0219i dezvoltarea economiei albastre, \u00een care alte interese economice concureaz\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai mult cu pescuitul pentru accesul la zonele marine.<\/p>\n

\u00centr-un astfel de context, conflictul este inevitabil, av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 resursele piscicole \u0219i zonele marine sunt proprietate public\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 o minoritate privilegiat\u0103 a concentrat o mare parte din drepturi.<\/strong> Conflictele care apar trebuie gestionate \u0219i trebuie c\u0103utate solu\u021bii juste.<\/p>\n

O solu\u021bie just\u0103 ar fi ca PCP s\u0103 adopte o abordare diferen\u021biat\u0103 a pescuitului la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i la scar\u0103 mare. Aceasta a fost o sugestie prezentat\u0103 \u00een Cartea verde din 2009 privind reforma PCP, dar nu a fost luat\u0103 \u00een considerare.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pescarii cu impact redus din Europa cer \"pescuit echitabil\", adic\u0103 o alocare echitabil\u0103 a drepturilor de acces \u0219i un cuv\u00e2nt de spus \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te modul \u00een care este gestionat accesul. Articolul 17 din PCP ar putea oferi un mecanism pentru realizarea unui pescuit mai echitabil. Cu toate acestea, \"marea industrie\" respinge propunerea de a introduce mecanismele alternative necesare de alocare a posibilit\u0103\u021bilor de pescuit prin intermediul articolului 17.<\/strong> \"Avem dreptul legal la aceste privilegii\"<\/em> afirm\u0103 Asocia\u021bia multina\u021bional\u0103 a traulerelor pelagice congelatoare (PFA).<\/p>\n

\"F\u0103r\u0103 p\u00e2ine (specii de cote) pentru micii pescari? Ei bine, atunci l\u0103sa\u021bi-i s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce pr\u0103jituri (specii f\u0103r\u0103 cot\u0103).\"<\/em>, spune PFA.<\/p>\n

\u00cen cazul \u00een care exist\u0103 un astfel de dezechilibru \u00een rela\u021biile de putere \u0219i o concentrare a drepturilor de pescuit, conflictul este inevitabil.<\/strong><\/p>\n

precum \u0219i concentrarea drepturilor la posibilit\u0103\u021bile de pescuit, \"marea industrie\" controleaz\u0103, de asemenea, func\u021bionarea organismelor democratice instituite pentru a rezolva conflictele \u0219i pentru a oferi o voce pentru acest sector.<\/strong> Ace\u0219tia prezideaz\u0103 consiliile consultative, organiza\u021biile de produc\u0103tori \u0219i structurile na\u021bionale de pescuit \u0219i pretind c\u0103 reprezint\u0103 at\u00e2t companiile de pescuit mici, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe cele mari.<\/p>\n

Cornelis Vrolijk, o companie de pescuit multina\u021bional\u0103 olandez\u0103 controleaz\u0103 acum<\/span><\/a> Comitetul na\u021bional francez pentru pescuit \u0219i una dintre cele mai mari OP franceze, de exemplu. Cum poate o corpora\u021bie multina\u021bional\u0103 olandez\u0103 s\u0103 reprezinte interesele flotei artizanale?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Totul \u021bine de pia\u021b\u0103<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Un element cheie care lipse\u0219te din prezentare se refer\u0103 la pia\u021ba de pe\u0219te \u0219i lan\u021bul de aprovizionare<\/strong>. \u00cen mod clar, pescuitul nu exist\u0103 \u00een mod izolat, ci este parte integrant\u0103 a sistemelor de produc\u021bie \u0219i de aprovizionare cu alimente (lan\u021b valoric), furniz\u00e2nd o marf\u0103 de mare valoare comercializat\u0103 la nivel interna\u021bional.<\/p>\n

Aici, \u00een Europa, pescuitul nostru furnizeaz\u0103 doar o treime din ceea ce cer pie\u021bele noastre de consum.<\/strong>. Restul provine din acvacultur\u0103 \u0219i din importuri. Aproape 50% din ceea ce m\u00e2nc\u0103m provine din 5 specii: ton, cod, somon, polac de Alaska, creve\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Accesul la pie\u021be este, de asemenea, un factor cheie \u0219i o surs\u0103 de multe conflicte - actuale \u0219i viitoare - \u0219i trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 parte din discu\u021bia privind gestionarea pescuitului nostru. Comer\u021bul, industria de prelucrare \u0219i de v\u00e2nzare cu am\u0103nuntul determin\u0103, de asemenea, forma viitoare a pescuitului european \u0219i de unde ne aprovizion\u0103m cu pe\u0219te.<\/p>\n

\"Alimentele albastre\" sunt considerate acum ca fiind calea de urmat, at\u00e2t pe pia\u021b\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een farfuria consumatorului. La fel cum economia albastr\u0103 \u00eenlocuie\u0219te pescuitul, alimentele albastre vor \u00eenlocui fructele de mare \u0219i pe\u0219tele a\u0219a cum le \u0219tim noi. Aceasta include toate aspectele produc\u021biei de alimente din organisme marine - vegetale \u0219i animale, recoltare \u0219i acvacultur\u0103, precum \u0219i produc\u021bia industrial\u0103. Alimentele albastre vor aduce produse alimentare albastre produse \u00een mas\u0103 din alge, proteine monocelulare \u0219i alte produse marine netradi\u021bionale produse industrial.<\/p>\n

Micul este r\u0103u, marele este bun?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dr. Kraan a subliniat, de asemenea, c\u0103 nu exist\u0103 defini\u021bii universale ale pescuitului la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103, \u00een timp ce datele privind capturile \u0219i efortul de pescuit sunt mai disponibile pentru activit\u0103\u021bile de pescuit la scar\u0103 mai mare, datele socio-economice sunt mai rare pentru pescuitul la scar\u0103 mic\u0103.<\/p>\n

De\u0219i nu exist\u0103 o defini\u021bie universal\u0103, este destul de simplu. Dac\u0103 dori\u021bi s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi ce este pescuitul la scar\u0103 mic\u0103, merge\u021bi la cheiul de pescuit \u0219i \u00eentreba\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Serios vorbind, pescuitul la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 este practicat de mii de nano- sau foarte mici \u00eentreprinderi casnice, care pescuiesc cu nave relativ mici \u0219i cu unelte pasive, merg zilnic pe mare, captureaz\u0103 zeci de kilograme de pe\u0219te \u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 sute de euro.<\/strong> Aceste \u00eentreprinderi depind \u00een mod critic de for\u021ba de munc\u0103 neremunerat\u0103 pentru multe dintre activit\u0103\u021bile administrative \u0219i de \u00eentre\u021binere de la malul m\u0103rii - sarcini care sunt adesea \u00eendeplinite de femeile din familie. Acestea ofer\u0103 posibilitatea multor familii cu venituri mici de a tr\u0103i pe coast\u0103, cu un stil de via\u021b\u0103 rezonabil de confortabil \u0219i sus\u021bin\u00e2nd o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de activit\u0103\u021bi auxiliare.<\/p>\n

Spre deosebire de flotele mai mari, care sunt capabile s\u0103 realizeze economii de scar\u0103 prin debarcarea mai multor tone de pe\u0219te la un moment dat \u0219i s\u0103 c\u00e2\u0219tige zeci \u0219i sute de mii de euro, aceste \u00eentreprinderi mici depind de marje mai mari din debarc\u0103rile lor mai mici. Pentru a fi viabile, ele trebuie s\u0103 beneficieze direct de valoarea ad\u0103ugat\u0103 a produselor proaspete capturate zilnic. Ele depind de faptul c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie factori de pre\u021b, nu cump\u0103r\u0103tori de pre\u021buri pe pia\u021b\u0103. Capturile mai voluminoase ale flotelor de dimensiuni mai mari au un efect de sc\u0103dere a pre\u021burilor de pe pia\u021b\u0103, ceea ce submineaz\u0103 viabilitatea acestor \u00eentreprinderi. Produsele la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie diferen\u021biate pe pia\u021b\u0103. La urma urmei, ele provin dintr-un sistem de produc\u021bie diferit.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Capcana cu datele<\/strong><\/h3>\n

De\u0219i poate fi adev\u0103rat c\u0103 exist\u0103 mult mai multe date privind capturile \u0219i efortul de pescuit disponibile pentru pescuitul la scar\u0103 mai mare, doar c\u00e2t de fiabile sunt aceste date?<\/strong> Doar cum sunt m\u0103surate capturile, debarc\u0103rile \u0219i efortul de pescuit?<\/strong> O inspec\u021bie mai atent\u0103 dezv\u0103luie multe g\u0103uri \u00eentr-un sistem care prezint\u0103 scurgeri. \u00cen Danemarca, se \u0219tie c\u0103 frauda privind capacitatea motoarelor are loc pe scar\u0103 larg\u0103, iar \u00een \u021a\u0103rile de Jos exist\u0103 doar 2 inspectori care verific\u0103 sutele de mii de tone de pe\u0219te debarcate \u00een porturile olandeze \u00een fiecare an. C\u00e2t de reprezentative sunt aceste cazuri \u00een Europa, unde guvernele statelor membre sunt nevoite s\u0103 reduc\u0103 bugetele, iar pescuitul nu este o prioritate?<\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 problem\u0103 ridicat\u0103 de Dr. Kraan a fost impactul relativ al flotelor la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i la scar\u0103 mare. Ea a citat un raport recent al WWF (The Untrawled Truth) care afirm\u0103: \"navele cu o lungime total\u0103 mai mic\u0103 de 12 metri au cea mai mare valoare a capturilor pe greutate \u0219i un spa\u021biu redus la bord, dar captureaz\u0103 specii de mare valoare \u0219i poten\u021bial sensibile, amenin\u021bate \u0219i pe cale de dispari\u021bie, cum ar fi tonul ro\u0219u, pe\u0219tele-spad\u0103 sau mamiferele marine \u0219i p\u0103s\u0103rile marine.<\/em>.\"<\/p>\n

Pu\u021bin\u0103 cunoa\u0219tere ar ar\u0103ta c\u0103 aceast\u0103 afirma\u021bie este pur \u0219i simplu fals\u0103. Navele mici la care se face referire nu au pur \u0219i simplu acces la cotele de ton ro\u0219u \u0219i pe\u0219te-spad\u0103.<\/strong> Nu li se permite s\u0103 captureze nici ton ro\u0219u, nici pe\u0219te-spad\u0103, deoarece navele de pescuit cu plas\u0103-pung\u0103 \u0219i navele de pescuit cu paragate de dimensiuni mai mari de\u021bin un monopol asupra cotelor. Ace\u0219tia au cea mai mare valoare a capturii per greutate, deoarece captureaz\u0103 \u00een principal specii demersale, cu valoare mai mare - inclusiv crustacee. Captura lor este, de asemenea, mai valoroas\u0103, deoarece este mai proasp\u0103t\u0103, fiind capturat\u0103 \u0219i v\u00e2ndut\u0103 zilnic.<\/p>\n

\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te impactul, exist\u0103 pu\u021bine compara\u021bii \u00eentre impactul acestor nave cu unelte pasive, care captureaz\u0103 doar 5% din totalul capturilor din UE, \u0219i flota de traulere de dimensiuni mai mari,<\/strong> pe care nu le vor \u00eenlocui niciodat\u0103. P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, 5% se afl\u0103 \u00een marjele de eroare ale debarc\u0103rilor masive de pe\u0219te din segmentele de flot\u0103 la scar\u0103 mai mare.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, pescarii artizanali au dreptul de a exista \u0219i de a-\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tiga existen\u021ba \u00een modul \u00een care doresc - oferind un produs s\u0103n\u0103tos la nivel local, \u00een sezon, sprijinind o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de activit\u0103\u021bi auxiliare, inclusiv turismul, \u0219i ancor\u00e2nd comunit\u0103\u021bile de pe coast\u0103. Dac\u0103 ace\u0219tia ar disp\u0103rea, zonele noastre de coast\u0103 ar fi mult mai s\u0103race, lipsite de pe\u0219te proasp\u0103t capturat la nivel local, de b\u0103rci de pescuit colorate, de activit\u0103\u021bi socio-economice la scar\u0103 mic\u0103 \u0219i de evenimente culturale tradi\u021bionale asociate cu marea.<\/p>\n

Aceasta ar fi o pierdere de ne\u00eenlocuit \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te cuno\u0219tin\u021bele locale, patrimoniul cultural \u0219i oportunit\u0103\u021bile socio-economice.<\/p>\n\n

\n <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nedrept\u0103\u021bile istorice au privat 70% flota de pescuit european\u0103 de un acces echitabil \u0219i sigur la cotele de pescuit \u0219i la zonele de pescuit. Acest segment al flotei reprezint\u0103 50% din locurile de munc\u0103 \u00een domeniul pescuitului pe mare. Din cauza acestor nedrept\u0103\u021bi, acest sector este nevoit s\u0103 apeleze la specii \"f\u0103r\u0103 cot\u0103\" \u0219i, prin urmare, este limitat la doar 5% din [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19735,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"give_campaign_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"yoast_head":"\nNo bread? Then let them eat cake! 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