{"id":19729,"date":"2022-04-26T13:52:24","date_gmt":"2022-04-26T13:52:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lifeplatform.eu\/?p=19729"},"modified":"2022-04-26T14:06:39","modified_gmt":"2022-04-26T14:06:39","slug":"no-bread-then-let-them-eat-cake-fishing-rights-and-small-scale-fisheries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lifeplatform.eu\/da\/no-bread-then-let-them-eat-cake-fishing-rights-and-small-scale-fisheries\/","title":{"rendered":"Ingen br\u00f8d? S\u00e5 lad dem spise kage! Fiskerirettigheder og det kystn\u00e6re fiskeri"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historiske uretf\u00e6rdigheder har frataget 70% af den europ\u00e6iske fiskerfl\u00e5de en retf\u00e6rdig og sikker adgang til fiskekvoter og fiskepladser. Dette fl\u00e5desegment tegner sig for 50% af arbejdspladserne i fiskeriet til s\u00f8s. P\u00e5 grund af disse uretf\u00e6rdigheder er sektoren n\u00f8dt til at ty til arter, der ikke er omfattet af kvoter, og er derfor begr\u00e6nset til kun 5% af EU\u2019s fiskerifangst.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Under hungersn\u00f8d sagde det europeiske aristokrati historisk set om de protesterende fattige: \u201cHvis de ikke har noget br\u00f8d, s\u00e5 lad dem spise kage<\/em>\u201dLiges\u00e5dan er de med kvoterettigheder i dag alt for hurtigt ude med at sige: \u201ckvoten tilh\u00f8rer os med ret, lad dem fiske efter ikke-kvoterede arter\u201d, n\u00e5r kystfiskere kr\u00e6ver en retf\u00e6rdig andel.<\/p>\n

Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5let om retf\u00e6rdighed er et centralt element i EU's felles fiskeripolitik (forordning (EU) nr. 1380\/2013). Artikel 2, litra f, fastsl\u00e5r, at den felles fiskeripolitik skal bidrage til en rimelig levestandard for dem, der er afh\u00e6ngige af fiskeriaktiviteter, under hensyntagen til kystfiskeri og socio\u00f8konomiske aspekter<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Men for dem med privilegier og rettigheder kan det, der er retf\u00e6rdigt og rimeligt, f\u00f8les som undertrykkelse.<\/p>\n

I sidste uge, p\u00e5 Fredag den 22. april, et webinar med titlen: Forebyggelse af konflikter i EU's farvande,<\/em> blev organiseret af 2 europ\u00e6iske forskningsgrupper<\/strong>. Arrangementet, der blev organiseret af\u00a0Europ\u00e6iske fiskeri- og akvakulturforskningsorganisationer<\/a><\/span> og MARE<\/a><\/span> samlede omkring 80 deltagere. Hovedopl\u00e6gget blev holdt af dr. Marloes Kraan fra MARE. Hun gav et overblik over de vigtigste konfliktomr\u00e5der i det europ\u00e6iske fiskeri med fokus p\u00e5 forvaltningsm\u00e6ssige aspekter af stort og sm\u00e5t fiskeri i Europa i en foranderlig kontekst (klima, bl\u00e5 \u00f8konomi og politik (Brexit)).<\/p>\n

\u201cI betragtning af at der kun er \u00e9n politisk ramme (CFP) til mange forskellige fl\u00e5der og store forandringer i vente, er der et pres p\u00e5 styringsdygtigheden, hvilket, hvis der ikke handles p\u00e5 det i tide, udg\u00f8r et stort grundlag for konflikter\u201d<\/em>, sagde dr. Kraan. Der er aspekter ved at fordele plads til flere forskellige aktiviteter (havnearealplanl\u00e6gning), men ogs\u00e5 at h\u00e5ndtere en ret bred politisk ramme. \u201cHvordan kan vi komme i fork\u00f8bet med det, og hvad har vi brug for at vide?\u201d<\/em>, spurgte hun.<\/p>\n

De problemer, der blev taget op i hendes pr\u00e6sentation, drejede sig prim\u00e6rt om tildeling af adgang til en offentlig ressource og styring af aktiviteterne for dem, der har rettigheder og bef\u00f8jelser til at udnytte dem<\/strong>. Det kom ogs\u00e5 ind p\u00e5 truslen mod fiskerisektoren fra klimaforandringer og udviklingen af den bl\u00e5 \u00f8konomi, hvor andre \u00f8konomiske interesser i stigende grad konkurrerer med fiskeriet om adgang til havomr\u00e5der.<\/p>\n

I en s\u00e5dan sammenh\u00e6ng er konflikt uundg\u00e5elig, i betragtning af at fiskeriressourcerne og havomr\u00e5derne er offentlig ejendom, og i betragtning af at en privilegeret minoritet har koncentreret brorparten af rettighederne.<\/strong> Opst\u00e5ede konflikter skal h\u00e5ndteres, og der skal s\u00f8ges retf\u00e6rdige l\u00f8sninger.<\/p>\n

En retf\u00e6rdig l\u00f8sning ville v\u00e6re, at CFP indf\u00f8rer en differentieret tilgang til det kystn\u00e6re fiskeri og det storskala fiskeri. Dette var et forslag, der blev fremsat i gr\u00f8nbogen om reformen af CFP fra 2009, men som ikke blev taget op.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Low Impact Fishers of Europe (LIFE) opfordrer til \u201cfair fiskeri\u201d, hvilket vil sige en retf\u00e6rdig tildeling af adgangsrettigheder og medbestemmelse i, hvordan adgangen forvaltes. Artikel 17 i den f\u00e6lles fiskeripolitik (FFP) kan udg\u00f8re en mekanisme til at opn\u00e5 et mere retf\u00e6rdigt fiskeri. Ikke desto mindre afviser \u201cstorindustrien\u201d forslaget om at indf\u00f8re de n\u00f8dvendige alternative fordelingsmekanismer for fiskerimuligheder gennem artikel 17.<\/strong> \u201cVi er juridisk berettiget til disse privilegier\u201d<\/em> den multinationale forening for pelagiske trawlere (Pelagic Freezer Trawler Association \u2013 PFA).<\/p>\n

\u201cIntet br\u00f8d (kvotearter) til de kystn\u00e6re fiskere? N\u00e5, men s\u00e5 lad dem spise kage (ikke-kvotearter)\u201d<\/em>, siger PFA.<\/p>\n

Hvor der er en s\u00e5dan ubalance i magtforhold og koncentration af fiskerettigheder, er konflikt uundg\u00e5elig.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samtidig med at fiskerettighederne koncentreres, den \u201cstore industri\u201d kontrollerer ogs\u00e5 funktionen af de demokratiske organer, der er nedsat til at l\u00f8se konflikter og give en stemme til sektoren.<\/strong> De sidder for bordenden i de r\u00e5dgivende r\u00e5d, producentorganisationerne og de nationale fiskeristrukturer og g\u00f8r krav p\u00e5 at repr\u00e6sentere s\u00e5vel sm\u00e5 som store fiskeriselskaber.<\/p>\n

Cornelis Vrolijk, et hollandsk multinational fiskeriselskab kontrollerer nu<\/span><\/a> for eksempel det franske nationale fiskeriudvalg og en af de st\u00f8rste franske producentorganisationer. Hvordan kan en hollandsk multinational virksomhed repr\u00e6sentere den lille fl\u00e5des interesser?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Det handler alt sammen om markedet<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Et v\u00e6sentligt element, der manglende i pr\u00e6sentationen, vedr\u00f8rte fiskemarked og forsyningsk\u00e6de<\/strong>. Fiskeri eksisterer helt \u00e5benlyst ikke i isolation, men er en integreret del af f\u00f8devareproduktions- og forsyningssystemer (v\u00e6rdik\u00e6der), der leverer en internationalt handlet vare af h\u00f8j v\u00e6rdi.<\/p>\n

Her i Europa d\u00e6kker vores fiskeri kun omkring en tredjedel af det, vores forbrugermarkeder eftersp\u00f8rger<\/strong>. Resten stammer fra akvakultur og import. N\u00e6sten 50% af det, vi spiser, kommer fra fem arter: tun, torsk, laks, alaskapollak og rejer<\/p>\n

Adgang til markeder er ogs\u00e5 en n\u00f8glefaktor og en kilde til en lang r\u00e6kke konflikter \u2013 nuv\u00e6rende og fremtidige \u2013 og den skal v\u00e6re en del af dr\u00f8ftelsen om forvaltningen af vores fiskeri. Handels-, bearbejdnings- og detailsektoren er ogs\u00e5 med til at bestemme det europ\u00e6iske fiskeris fremtidige udformning og, hvor vi skaffer vores fiskeforsyninger fra.<\/p>\n

\u201cBl\u00e5 mad\u201d betragtes nu som vejen frem, p\u00e5 markedspladsen og p\u00e5 forbrugerens tallerken. Ligesom den bl\u00e5 \u00f8konomi fortr\u00e6nger fiskeriet, vil bl\u00e5 mad erstatte fisk og skaldyr, som vi kender det. Det omfatter alle aspekter af f\u00f8devareproduktionen fra marine organismer \u2013 planter og dyr, h\u00f8st og akvakultur samt industriel produktion. Bl\u00e5 mad vil bringe masseproducerede bl\u00e5 f\u00f8devarer frem fra alger, enkeltcellet protein og andre utraditionelle industrielt producerede marine produkter.<\/p>\n

Lille er d\u00e5rligt, stor er godt?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dr Kraan fremh\u00e6vede ogs\u00e5, at der ikke findes nogen universelle definitioner p\u00e5 sm\u00e5 dages fiskeri, og at mens data om fangst og indsats er mere tilg\u00e6ngelige for st\u00f8rre fiskeriaktiviteter, er socio\u00f8konomiske data mere knappe for mindre fiskeri.<\/p>\n

Selvom der m\u00e5ske ikke findes nogen universel definition, er det egentlig ganske simpelt. Hvis du vil vide, hvad sm\u00e5dkeri er, s\u00e5 g\u00e5 bare ned til fiskerikaien og sp\u00f8rg.<\/p>\n

Helt \u00e6rligt, Sm\u00e5skala-fiskeri udf\u00f8res af tusindvis af nano- eller meget sm\u00e5 husholdningsvirksomheder, der fisker med relativt sm\u00e5 fart\u00f8jer og passive redskaber, tager p\u00e5 havet dagligt, fanger ti kilo fisk og tjener hundredevis af euro.<\/strong> Disse virksomheder er kritisk afh\u00e6ngige af ubetalt arbejdskraft til mange af de landbaserede administrative aktiviteter og vedligeholdelsesopgaver \u2013 opgaver der ofte udf\u00f8res af kvindelige familiemedlemmer. De giver mange lavindkomstfamilier mulighed for at bo ved kysten med en rimelig behagelig livsstil og st\u00f8tter en bred vifte af afledte aktiviteter.<\/p>\n

I mods\u00e6tning til fl\u00e5derne i st\u00f8rre skala, som er i stand til at opn\u00e5 stordriftsfordele ved at lande flere tons fisk ad gangen og tjene ti- og hundredevis af tusinder af euro, afh\u00e6nger disse sm\u00e5 virksomheder af st\u00f8rre avancer fra deres lavere landinger. For at v\u00e6re levedygtige er de n\u00f8dt til at drage direkte fordel af v\u00e6rditilv\u00e6ksten i deres dagligt fangede friske produkter. De er afh\u00e6ngige af at v\u00e6re priss\u00e6ttere og ikke pristagere p\u00e5 markedet. St\u00f8rre fangster fra de st\u00f8rre fl\u00e5der har en trykkende effekt p\u00e5 markedspriserne, hvilket undergraver disse virksomheders levedygtighed. Sm\u00e5skalaprodukter skal differentieres p\u00e5 markedet. De kommer jo fra en anden type produktionssystem.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hagen ved data<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Selvom det sandt nok er, at der er meget mere fangst- og indsatsdata til r\u00e5dighed for storskala-fiskeri, s\u00e5 blot Hvor p\u00e5lidelige er disse data?<\/strong> Bare Hvordan m\u00e5les fangster, landinger og fiskeriindsats?<\/strong> N\u00e6rmere eftersyn afsl\u00f8rer mange huller i et ut\u00e6t system. I Danmark er svindel med motorkapacitet kendt for at finde sted i stor skala, og i Nederlandene er der kun 2 inspekt\u00f8rer til at kontrollere de hundrede tusinder af tons fisk, der landes i nederlandske havne hvert \u00e5r. Hvor repr\u00e6sentative er disse sager i Europa, hvor medlemsstaternes regeringer er n\u00f8dt til at sk\u00e6re i budgetterne, og fiskeri ikke er en prioritet?<\/p>\n

Et andet sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l, som dr. Kraan rejste, var den relative indvirkning af fl\u00e5der i mindre skala og i st\u00f8rre skala. Hun henviste til en nylig WWF-rapport (The Untrawled Truth), som fastsl\u00e5r: \u201cfart\u00f8jer med en samlet l\u00e6ngde p\u00e5 under 12 meter har den h\u00f8jeste fangstv\u00e6rdi pr. v\u00e6gt og begr\u00e6nset plads ombord, samtidig med at de fanger v\u00e6rdifulde og potentielt s\u00e5rbare, truede og udryddelsestruede arter s\u00e5som tun, sv\u00e6rdfisk eller havpattedyr og havfugle<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

En smule viden ville vise, at denne p\u00e5stand simpelthen ikke er sand. De omtalte sm\u00e5 fart\u00f8jer har simpelthen ikke adgang til kvoter for bl\u00e5finnet tun og sv\u00e6rdfisk.<\/strong> De m\u00e5 hverken fange bl\u00e5finnet tun eller sv\u00e6rdfisk, da de st\u00f8rre snurrevods- og langlinefart\u00f8jer har et kvotamonopol. De har den h\u00f8jeste fangstv\u00e6rdi pr. v\u00e6gt, fordi de hovedsageligt fanger demersale arter af h\u00f8jere v\u00e6rdi \u2013 herunder krebsdyr. Deres fangst er ogs\u00e5 mere v\u00e6rdifuld, fordi den er friskere, fanget og solgt p\u00e5 dagsbasis.<\/p>\n

N\u00e5r det g\u00e6lder p\u00e5virkning, der er ikke rigtig nogen sammenligning mellem virkningen af disse fart\u00f8jer med passivt udstyr, som kun fanger 5% af den samlede EU-fangst, og den st\u00f8rre trawlerfl\u00e5de,<\/strong> som de aldrig kommer til at erstatte. 5% ligger trods alt godt inden for fejlmargenerne for de store landinger af fisk fra de st\u00f8rre fl\u00e5desegmenter.<\/p>\n

Ikke desto mindre har sm\u00e5skalafiskere ret til at eksistere og til at tjene deres tilv\u00e6relse p\u00e5 den m\u00e5de, de selv v\u00e6lger \u2013 ved at levere et sundt produkt lokalt og i s\u00e6sonen, st\u00f8tte en lang r\u00e6kke afledte aktiviteter herunder turisme og fastholde kystsamfund. Hvis de skulle forsvinde, ville vores kystomr\u00e5der v\u00e6re meget fattigere steder, blottet for frisk, lokalfanget fisk, farverige fiskerb\u00e5de, socio\u00f8konomiske aktiviteter i mindre skala og traditionelle kulturelle begivenheder forbundet med havet.<\/p>\n

Det ville v\u00e6re et uerstatteligt tab med hensyn til lokal viden, kulturarv og socio\u00f8konomiske muligheder.<\/p>\n\n

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Historical injustices have deprived 70% of the European fishing fleet of fair and secure access to fishing quotas and fishing grounds. This fleet segment accounts for 50% of the fishing jobs at sea. Due to these injustices, the sector has to fall back on \u201cnon-quota\u201d species and so is restricted to only 5% of the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19735,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"yoast_head":"\nNo bread? Then let them eat cake! 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